<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">patmedfar</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пациентоориентированная медицина и фармация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Patient-Oriented Medicine and Pharmacy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-1924</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC Izdatelstvo OKI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/2949-1924-0112</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">XODPDD</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">patmedfar-198</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Цефалоспорины: от цефазолина до цефидерокола</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cephalosporins: from cefazolin to cefiderocol</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-8973</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грацианская</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gratsianskaya</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Грацианская Анна Николаевна - к. м. н., доцент, кафедры клинической фармакологии им. Ю. Б. Белоусова ИКМ</p><p>Москва</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna N. Gratsianskaya - Cand. Sci. (Med.), assistant professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacology named after Yu. B. Belousov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">annagrats@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4259-0945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теплова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Teplova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Теплова Наталья Вадимовна - д. м. н., профессор, зав. кафедрой клинической фармакологии им. Ю. Б. Белоусова ИКМ</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia V. Teplova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology named after Yu. B. Belousov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">teplova.nv@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9130-3267</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белоусова</surname><given-names>Л. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belousova</surname><given-names>L. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белоусова Людмила Борисовна - лаборант, кафедры клинической фармакологии имениЮ. Б. Белоусова ИКМ</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ludmila B. Belousova - laboratory assistant, Department of Clinical Pharmacology named after Yu. B. Belousov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lubelousova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н. И. Пирогова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Грацианская А.Н., Теплова Н.В., Белоусова Л.Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Грацианская А.Н., Теплова Н.В., Белоусова Л.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gratsianskaya A.N., Teplova N.V., Belousova L.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pomph.ru/jour/article/view/198">https://www.pomph.ru/jour/article/view/198</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель. Систематизировать и проанализировать современные данные о эволюции класса цефалоспориновых антибиотиков от первого до пятого поколения, с акцентом на изменение спектра антимикробной активности, фармакокинетических свойств и профиля безопасности в контексте роста антибиотикорезистентности.Материалы и методы. Проведён анализ научной литературы, отобранной из баз данных PubMed, Google Scholar, КиберЛенинка, РИНЦ и библиотечных ресурсов, с использованием ключевых слов: «цефалоспорины», «антибиотикорезистентность», «MRSA», «грамотрицательные бактерии», «цефидерокол». Включены систематические обзоры, рандомизированные клинические исследования, когортные исследования и метаанализы, опубликованные за последние два десятилетия, а также фундаментальные исторические работы.Результаты. Обзор демонстрирует чёткую эволюционную траекторию развития цефалоспоринов. Препараты I–II поколений сохраняют значение для терапии инфекций, вызванных грамположительными кокками и некоторыми сообществами грамотрицательных микроорганизмов. Цефалоспорины III–IV поколений, обладая расширенным спектром действия в отношении грамотрицательной флоры, включая Pseudomonas aeruginosa, стали основой эмпирической терапии нозокомиальных инфекций. Препараты V поколения (цефтобипрол, цефтаролин) были разработаны для преодоления резистентности MRSA. Отдельно рассмотрен инновационный представитель — цефидерокол, первый сидерофорный цефалоспорин, обладающий уникальным механизмом транспорта в бактериальную клетку и активностью в отношении карбапенем-резистентных штаммов Enterobacterales, P. aeruginosa и A. baumannii. Показано, что, несмотря на уникальные свойства, к цефидероколу уже формируется резистентность. Проанализированы особенности фармакокинетики (пути введения, период полувыведения, проникновение через гематоэнцефалический барьер) и спектр нежелательных реакций (аллергенные, гематологические, неврологические), характерные для разных поколений.Заключение. Цефалоспорины остаются краеугольным камнем современной антимикробной терапии благодаря благоприятному соотношению эффективности и безопасности. Появление новых поколений, в частности цефидерокола, является прямым ответом на глобальный вызов антибиотикорезистентности. Однако стремительное развитие механизмов резистентности даже к самым современным препаратам подчёркивает критическую важность программ антимикробного надзора и неукоснительного соблюдения принципов рациональной антибиотикотерапии для сохранения клинической значимости этого класса лекарственных средств в будущем.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective. This study aimed to systematize and analyze contemporary data on the evolution of cephalosporin antibiotics from the first to the fifth generation, with a focus on changes in their antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetic properties, and safety profile in the context of rising antibiotic resistance.Materials and methods. A review of the scientific literature was conducted, sourcing data from PubMed, Google Scholar, CyberLeninka, elibrary.ru, and library resources using keywords such as "cephalosporins", "antibiotic resistance", "MRSA", "Gram-negative bacteria", and "cefiderocol". The analysis included systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses published over the last two decades, as well as foundational historical works.Results. The review demonstrates a clear evolutionary trajectory in the development of cephalosporin. First- and second- generation agents remain relevant for treating infections caused by Gram-positive cocci and some communities of Gram-negative microorganisms. Third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins have become the cornerstone of empirical therapy for nosocomial infections because of their expanded spectrum of activity against Gram-negative flora, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fifth-generation drugs (ceftobiprole and ceftaroline) were developed to overcome MRSA resistance. A separate analysis was dedicated to the innovative agent, cefiderocol — the first siderophore cephalosporin, which possesses a unique transport mechanism into the bacterial cell and demonstrates activity against carbapenem-resistant strains of Enterobacterales, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii. Despite its unique properties, cefiderocol resistance is already emerging. The specific pharmacokinetic profiles (administration routes, half-life, and blood-brain barrier penetration) and spectrum of adverse reactions (allergic, hematological, and neurological) of different generations were analyzed.Conclusion. Cephalosporins remain a cornerstone of modern antimicrobial therapy because of their favorable efficacy and safety profile. The introduction of new generations, particularly cefiderocol, represents a direct response to the global challenge of antibiotic resistance. However, the rapid emergence of resistance mechanisms even to the most advanced agents underscores the critical importance of antimicrobial stewardship programs and strict adherence to the principles of rational antibiotic therapy to preserve the future clinical value of this drug class.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цефалоспорины</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>грамотрицательные бактерии</kwd><kwd>MRSA</kwd><kwd>фармакокинетика</kwd><kwd>нежелательные лекарственные реакции</kwd><kwd>цефидерокол</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cephalosporins</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>Gram-negative bacteria</kwd><kwd>MRSA</kwd><kwd>pharmacokinetics</kwd><kwd>adverse drug reactions</kwd><kwd>cefiderocol</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Практическое руководство по антиинфекционной химиотерапии / под ред. Л. С. Страчунского, Ю. Б. Белоусова, С. Н. Козлова ; [Аковбян В. А. и др.. — Смоленск : Межрегиональная ассоц. по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Practical guide to anti-infective chemotherapy / edited by L. S. Strachunsky, Yu. B. Belousov, S. N. Kozlov; [Akovbyan V. A. et al.. - Smolensk: Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jean SS, Harnod D, Hsueh PR. Global Threat of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Mar 15;12:823684. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.823684.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jean SS, Harnod D, Hsueh PR. Global Threat of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Mar 15;12:823684. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.823684.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng M, Xia J, Zong Z, et al.; Society of Bacterial Infection and Resistance of Chinese Medical Association; Expert Committee on Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance of the National Health Commission; Infectious Diseases Society of Chinese Medical Education Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2023 Aug;56(4):653-671. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.01.017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng M, Xia J, Zong Z, et al.; Society of Bacterial Infection and Resistance of Chinese Medical Association; Expert Committee on Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance of the National Health Commission; Infectious Diseases Society of Chinese Medical Education Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2023 Aug;56(4):653-671. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.01.017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mojica MF, Humphries R, Lipuma JJ, et al. Clinical challenges treating Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: an update. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2022 May 5;4(3):dlac040. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac040.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mojica MF, Humphries R, Lipuma JJ, et al. Clinical challenges treating Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections: an update. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2022 May 5;4(3):dlac040. doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac040.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gutiérrez Santana JC, Coria Jiménez VR. Burkholderia cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis: critical gaps in diagnosis and therapy. Ann Med. 2024 Dec;56 (1):2307503. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2307503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutiérrez Santana JC, Coria Jiménez VR. Burkholderia cepacia complex in cystic fibrosis: critical gaps in diagnosis and therapy. Ann Med. 2024 Dec;56 (1):2307503. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2307503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elbehiry A, Al Shoaibi M, Alzahrani H, et al. Enterobacter cloacae from urinary tract infections: frequency, protein analysis, and antimicrobial resistance. AMB Express. 2024 Feb 8;14(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13568-024-01675-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elbehiry A, Al Shoaibi M, Alzahrani H, et al. Enterobacter cloacae from urinary tract infections: frequency, protein analysis, and antimicrobial resistance. AMB Express. 2024 Feb 8;14(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13568-024-01675-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев С.В. Современное значение цефалоспоринов при лечении инфекций в стационаре. РМЖ. 2005;10:720. [Yakovlev S.V. Current importance of cephalosporins in the treatment of infections in hospitals. RMJ. 2005;10:720. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Яковлев С.В. Современное значение цефалоспоринов при лечении инфекций в стационаре. РМЖ. 2005;10:720. [Yakovlev S.V. Current importance of cephalosporins in the treatment of infections in hospitals. RMJ. 2005;10:720. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin X, Kück U. Cephalosporins as key lead generation beta-lactam antibiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Dec;106(24):8007-8020. doi: 10.1007/s00253-022-12272-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin X, Kück U. Cephalosporins as key lead generation beta-lactam antibiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Dec;106(24):8007-8020. doi: 10.1007/s00253-022-12272-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шатунов С. М. Инъекционные цефалоспорины при лечении тяжелых инфекций различной локализации: алгоритм выбора. Лечебное дело. 2003;1:34-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shatunov S. M. Injectable cephalosporins in the treatment of severe infections of various localizations: selection algorithm. General Medicine. 2003;1:34-42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loubet P, Burdet C, Vindrios W, et al. Cefazolin versus anti-staphylococcal penicillins for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018 Feb;24(2):125-132. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loubet P, Burdet C, Vindrios W, et al. Cefazolin versus anti-staphylococcal penicillins for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018 Feb;24(2):125-132. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrera-Hidalgo L, Muñoz P, Álvarez-Uría A, et al.; Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de la Endocarditis Infecciosa en España (GAMES) Cohort Investigators. Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort. Int J Infect Dis. 2023 Dec;137:134-143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrera-Hidalgo L, Muñoz P, Álvarez-Uría A, et al.; Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de la Endocarditis Infecciosa en España (GAMES) Cohort Investigators. Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort. Int J Infect Dis. 2023 Dec;137:134-143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукьянов С.В. Рациональный выбор цефалоспоринов при лечении инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваний. Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2006;(1):11-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukjanov S.V. Rational choice of cephalosporines at the treatment of infectious diseases. Pacific Medical Journal. 2006;(1): 11-13. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хайтович Н. В. Цефалоспорины при лечении респираторных заболеваний в амбулаторно-поликлинической практике педиатра. Здоровье ребёнка. 2013;1(44):141-145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaitovich N. V. Cephalosporins in the treatment of respiratory diseases in outpatient pediatric practice. Child Health. 2013;1(44):141–145. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самсыгина Г.А. Цефалоспорины в педиатрии. Клиническая фармакология и фармакотерапия. 2000;1:7. [Samsygina G.A. Cephalosporins in pediatrics. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacotherapy. 2000;1:7. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Самсыгина Г.А. Цефалоспорины в педиатрии. Клиническая фармакология и фармакотерапия. 2000;1:7. [Samsygina G.A. Cephalosporins in pediatrics. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacotherapy. 2000;1:7. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arumugham VB, Gujarathi R, Cascella M. Third-Generation Cephalosporins. 2023 Jun 4. In: StatPearls [Internet. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arumugham VB, Gujarathi R, Cascella M. Third-Generation Cephalosporins. 2023 Jun 4. In: StatPearls [Internet. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрова Л. Г. Современные принципы лечения острого риносинусит. Медицинские новости. 2021;2:67-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrova L. G. Modern principles of treatment of acute rhinosinusitis. Medical news. 2021; 2:67-70. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белобородов В.Б. Роль цефалоспориновых антибиотиков в лечении внебольничной пневмонии. РМЖ. 2005;5:267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beloborodov V.B. The role of cephalosporin antibiotics in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. RMJ. 2005;5:267. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руднов В.А. Антибиотикотерапия госпитальных инфекций вызванных P. aeruginosa. РМЖ. 2005;7:485.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudnov V.A. Antibiotic therapy of hospital infections caused by P. aeruginosa. RMJ. 2005;7:485. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobayashi K, Hata A, Imoto W, et al. The Clinical Evaluation of Third-generation Cephalosporins As Definitive Therapy for Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella aerogenes Bacteremia. Intern Med. 2023 Jul 1;62(13):1921-1929. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0612-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobayashi K, Hata A, Imoto W, et al. The Clinical Evaluation of Third-generation Cephalosporins As Definitive Therapy for Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella aerogenes Bacteremia. Intern Med. 2023 Jul 1;62(13):1921-1929. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0612-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross JDC, Brittain C, Cole M, et al.; G-ToG trial team. Gentamicin compared with ceftriaxone for the treatment of gonorrhoea (G-ToG): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2019 Jun 22;393(10190):2511-2520. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32817-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ross JDC, Brittain C, Cole M, et al.; G-ToG trial team. Gentamicin compared with ceftriaxone for the treatment of gonorrhoea (G-ToG): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2019 Jun 22;393(10190):2511-2520. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32817-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu LC, Wu W, Zou B, et al. Efficacy predictors of third-generation cephalosporins in treating spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Oct 7;101(40):e30164. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu LC, Wu W, Zou B, et al. Efficacy predictors of third-generation cephalosporins in treating spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Oct 7;101(40):e30164. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McPherson C, Liviskie C, Zeller B, et al. Antimicrobial Stewardship in Neonates: Challenges and Opportunities. Neonatal Netw. 2018 Mar 1;37(2):116-123. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.37.2.116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McPherson C, Liviskie C, Zeller B, et al. Antimicrobial Stewardship in Neonates: Challenges and Opportunities. Neonatal Netw. 2018 Mar 1;37(2):116-123. doi: 10.1891/0730-0832.37.2.116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев С.В. Клиническая фармакология цефалоспоринов IV поколения. РМЖ. 1998;22:4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev S.V. Clinical pharmacology of fourth-generation cephalosporins. RMJ. 1998;22:4. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зырянов СК, Сычев ИН, Гущина ЮШ. Современные проблемы инфекций, вызванных MRSA, и пути их решения. Антибиотики и Химиотерапия. 2017;62(7-8):69-79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zyryanov SK, Sychev IN, Gushchina YS. Current Problems of Infections Caused by MRSA and Ways to Address Them. Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2017;62(7-8):69-79. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terreni M, Taccani M, Pregnolato M. New Antibiotics for Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains: Latest Research Developments and Future Perspectives. Molecules. 2021 May 2;26(9):2671. doi: 10.3390/molecules26092671.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terreni M, Taccani M, Pregnolato M. New Antibiotics for Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains: Latest Research Developments and Future Perspectives. Molecules. 2021 May 2;26(9):2671. doi: 10.3390/molecules26092671.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCreary EK, Heil EL, Tamma PD. New Perspectives on Antimicrobial Agents: Cefiderocol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 Jul 16;65(8):e0217120. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02171-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCreary EK, Heil EL, Tamma PD. New Perspectives on Antimicrobial Agents: Cefiderocol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021 Jul 16;65(8):e0217120. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02171-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soriano MC, Montufar J, Blandino-Ortiz A. Cefiderocol. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022 Apr;35 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):31-34. doi: 10.37201/req/s01.07.2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soriano MC, Montufar J, Blandino-Ortiz A. Cefiderocol. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022 Apr;35 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):31-34. doi: 10.37201/req/s01.07.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mensa J, Barberán J. Cefiderocol. Summary and conclusions. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022 Sep;35 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):45-47. doi: 10.37201/req/s02.07.2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mensa J, Barberán J. Cefiderocol. Summary and conclusions. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022 Sep;35 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):45-47. doi: 10.37201/req/s02.07.2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karruli A, Migliaccio A, Pournaras S, et al. Cefiderocol and Sulbactam-Durlobactam against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Dec 14;12(12):1729. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12121729.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karruli A, Migliaccio A, Pournaras S, et al. Cefiderocol and Sulbactam-Durlobactam against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Dec 14;12(12):1729. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12121729.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacob AS, Chong GL, Lagrou K, et al. No in vitro activity of cefiderocol against OXA-427-producing Enterobacterales. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Nov 12;76(12):3317-3318. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkab304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacob AS, Chong GL, Lagrou K, et al. No in vitro activity of cefiderocol against OXA-427-producing Enterobacterales. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Nov 12;76(12):3317-3318. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkab304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karakonstantis S, Rousaki M, Kritsotakis EI. Cefiderocol: Systematic Review of Mechanisms of Resistance, Heteroresistance and In Vivo Emergence of Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 May 27;11(6):723. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11060723.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakonstantis S, Rousaki M, Kritsotakis EI. Cefiderocol: Systematic Review of Mechanisms of Resistance, Heteroresistance and In Vivo Emergence of Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 May 27;11(6):723. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11060723.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C, Yang D, Wang Y, Ni W. Cefiderocol for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Systematic Review of Currently Available Evidence. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Apr 12;13:896971. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.896971. Erratum in: Front Pharmacol. 2022 Aug 18;13:976792. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C, Yang D, Wang Y, Ni W. Cefiderocol for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Systematic Review of Currently Available Evidence. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Apr 12;13:896971. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.896971. Erratum in: Front Pharmacol. 2022 Aug 18;13:976792. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaye KS, Naas T, Pogue JM, Rossolini GM. Cefiderocol, a Siderophore Cephalosporin, as a Treatment Option for Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales. Infect Dis Ther. 2023 Mar; 12(3):777-806. doi: 10.1007/s40121-023-00773-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaye KS, Naas T, Pogue JM, Rossolini GM. Cefiderocol, a Siderophore Cephalosporin, as a Treatment Option for Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales. Infect Dis Ther. 2023 Mar; 12(3):777-806. doi: 10.1007/s40121-023-00773-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ong'uti S, Czech M, Robilotti E, Holubar M. Cefiderocol: A New Cephalosporin Stratagem Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 9;74(7):1303-1312. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab757.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ong'uti S, Czech M, Robilotti E, Holubar M. Cefiderocol: A New Cephalosporin Stratagem Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 9;74(7):1303-1312. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab757.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Domingues S, Lima T, Saavedra MJ, Da Silva GJ. An Overview of Cefiderocol's Therapeutic Potential and Underlying Resistance Mechanisms. Life (Basel). 2023 Jun 21;13(7):1427. doi: 10.3390/life13071427.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Domingues S, Lima T, Saavedra MJ, Da Silva GJ. An Overview of Cefiderocol's Therapeutic Potential and Underlying Resistance Mechanisms. Life (Basel). 2023 Jun 21;13(7):1427. doi: 10.3390/life13071427.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pais GM, Chang J, Barreto EF, et al. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cefepime. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022 Jul;61(7):929-953. doi: 10.1007/s40262-022-01137-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pais GM, Chang J, Barreto EF, et al. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cefepime. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022 Jul;61(7):929-953. doi: 10.1007/s40262-022-01137-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norvell MR, Porter M, Ricco MH, et al. Cefazolin vs Second-line Antibiotics for Surgical Site Infection Prevention After Total Joint Arthroplasty Among Patients With a Beta-lactam Allergy. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Apr 24;10(6):ofad224. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofad224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norvell MR, Porter M, Ricco MH, et al. Cefazolin vs Second-line Antibiotics for Surgical Site Infection Prevention After Total Joint Arthroplasty Among Patients With a Beta-lactam Allergy. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Apr 24;10(6):ofad224. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofad224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooper JJ, Atluri VL, Jain R, et al. Safety of cefazolin for perioperative prophylaxis in patients with penicillin allergy labels. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022 Jul;129(1):115-117. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.03.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooper JJ, Atluri VL, Jain R, et al. Safety of cefazolin for perioperative prophylaxis in patients with penicillin allergy labels. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022 Jul;129(1):115-117. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.03.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демченкова Е.Ю., Городецкая Г.И., Мазеркина И.А., и соавт. Актуальные вопросы выявления и мониторинга нежелательных реакций при применении цефалоспориновых антибиотиков. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2021;9(1):34-42. https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2021-9-1-34-42</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demchenkova E.Yu., Gorodetskaya G.I., Mazerkina I.A., et al. Major Aspects of Detection and Monitoring of Adverse Reactions Associated with Cephalosporin Antibiotic Treatment. Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. 2021;9(1):34-42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fekety FR. Safety of parenteral third-generation cephalosporins. Am J Med. 1990 Apr 9;88(4A):38S-44S. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90326-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fekety FR. Safety of parenteral third-generation cephalosporins. Am J Med. 1990 Apr 9;88(4A):38S-44S. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90326-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Payne LE, Gagnon DJ, Riker RR, et al. Cefepime-induced neurotoxicity: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2017 Nov 14;21(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1856-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Payne LE, Gagnon DJ, Riker RR, et al. Cefepime-induced neurotoxicity: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2017 Nov 14;21(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1856-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajibola O, Aremu TO, Dada SO, et al. The Trend of Cefepime-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023 Jun 26;15(6):e40980. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajibola O, Aremu TO, Dada SO, et al. The Trend of Cefepime-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023 Jun 26;15(6):e40980. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пушкарь ТН, Власов ПН, Белякова-Бодина АИ, Брутян АГ. Цефепим-индуцированная энцефалопатия. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2023;15(3):76-81. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2023-3-76-81</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pushkar TN, Vlasov PN, Belyakova-Bodina AI, Broutian AG. Cefepime-induced encephalopathy. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2023;15(3):76-81. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koraysh S, Koleri J, Ali M. Cefepime-Induced Neutropenia: A Case Report and Literature Review. Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Apr 19;15:33-40. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S406139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koraysh S, Koleri J, Ali M. Cefepime-Induced Neutropenia: A Case Report and Literature Review. Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Apr 19;15:33-40. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S406139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
