<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">patmedfar</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пациентоориентированная медицина и фармация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Patient-Oriented Medicine and Pharmacy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-1924</issn><publisher><publisher-name>LLC Izdatelstvo OKI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/2949-1924-0006</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">patmedfar-12</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ЛЕКАРСТВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DRUG SAFETY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>К оценке применения сахароснижающих препаратов с позиции безопасности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>To the assessment of the use of sugar-reducing drugs from the position of safety</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0032-0341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохлов</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhlov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хохлов Александр Леонидович — д. м. н., проф., член-корр. РАН, академик РАН, зав. кафедрой фармакологии и клинической фармакологии, ректор</p><p>Ярославль</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Khokhlov Alexander L. — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Prof., Corresponding Member of the RAS, academician of the RAS, Head of the Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Rector</p><p>Yaroslavl</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">al460935@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5751-3347</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горелов</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorelov</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горелов Кирилл Витальевич — зам. начальника управления — начальник отдела организации фармаконадзора Управления организации государственного контроля качества медицинской продукции</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gorelov Kirill V. — Deputy. Head of Department — Head of the Department for the Organization of Pharmacovigilance of the Department for the Organization of State Control of the Quality of Medical Products</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kirillgorelov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-8770</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбачкова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybachkova</surname><given-names>J. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рыбачкова Юлия Владимировна — к. м. н., ассистент кафедры фармакологии и клинической фармакологии</p><p>Ярославль</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rybachkova Juliya V. — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant of the Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology</p><p>Yaroslavl</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">julia3111@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ярославский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Yaroslavl State Medical University» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере здравоохранения (Росздравнадзор)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare (Roszdravnadzor)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хохлов А.Л., Горелов К.В., Рыбачкова Ю.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хохлов А.Л., Горелов К.В., Рыбачкова Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.L., Gorelov K.V., Rybachkova J.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pomph.ru/jour/article/view/12">https://www.pomph.ru/jour/article/view/12</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлены результаты и степень безопасности сахароснижающих препаратов. Цель работы — анализ безопасности применения производных сульфонилмочевины, бигуанидов, тиазолидиндиононов, меглитинидов и ингибиторов α-глюкозидазы по данным клинических исследований, опубликованных в научной литературе. Макрососудистые осложнения при сахарном диабете (СД) развиваются гораздо раньше, чем микрососудистые, и являются причиной смерти у 75-80 % больных. Безопасность сахароснижающей терапии оценивается по возникновению гипогликемий, изменению массы тела, влиянию на желудочно-кишечный тракт и, безусловно, связана с риском сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. При оценке результатов многочисленных клинических исследований применение препаратов сульфонилмочевины (за исключением гликлазида), меглитинидов, ингибиторов α-глюкозидазы (акарбоза), а также тиазолидиндиононов не рекомендуется у пациентов очень высокого сердечно-сосудистого риска для лечения СД 2-го типа ввиду наличия доказательств неблагоприятного влияния на прогноз либо наличия противоречивых данных или отсутствия достаточных аргументов кардиоваскулярной безопасности препаратов. Метформин остаётся предпочтительным средством начальной терапии при хорошей переносимости.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The results and the degree of safety of hypoglycaemic drugs are presented. The current work analyses the safety of the use of sulfonylurea derivatives, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides and α-glucosidase inhibitors according to clinical studies published in the scientific literature. Macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM) develop much earlier than microvascular complications and cause death in 75 % — 80 % of patients. The safety of hypoglycaemic therapy is assessed by the occurrence of hypoglycaemia, changes in body weight, effects on the gastrointestinal tract, and, of course, is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. In evaluating the results of numerous clinical studies, the use of sulfonylurea drugs (except gliclazide), meglitinides, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose), and thiazolidinediones are not recommended in patients with a very high cardiovascular risk for treating type 2 diabetes due to evidence of an adverse effect on prognosis, or the presence of conflicting data or the lack of sufficient arguments for the cardiovascular safety of drugs. Metformin remains the preferred initial therapy with good tolerability.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>сахароснижающие препараты</kwd><kwd>гипогликемия</kwd><kwd>безопасность лекарств</kwd><kwd>клинические исследования</kwd><kwd>кардиоваскулярные заболевания</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>hypoglycemic drugs</kwd><kwd>hypoglycemia</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнялась без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out without sponsorship.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вербовой А. Ф., Барабанова Н. А. Фармакоэп идемиологический анализ терапии сахарного диабета 2-го типа в амбулаторной практике. Проблемы Эндокринологии. 2009;55(4):3-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verbovoy AF, Barabanova NA. Pharmacoepidemiological analysis of outpatient therapy for type 2 diabetes. Problems of Endocrinology. 2009;55(4):3-6. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петров В. И. Клиническая фармакология и фармакотерапия в реальной врачебной практике: мастер-класс. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrov VI. Clinical pharmacology and pharmacotherapy in real medical practice: a master class. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2011. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. Br. Med. J. 1998;317:703-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. Br. Med. J. 1998;317:703-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Control Group, Turnbull FM, Abraira C et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52 (11):2288-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Control Group, Turnbull FM, Abraira C et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52 (11):2288-98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, Wilson L, Yeh HC, Marinopoulos S, Wiley C, Selvin E, Wilson R, Bass EB, Brancati FL. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Sep 18;147 (6):386-99. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00178. Epub 2007 Jul 16. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2007 Dec 18;147 (12):887. PMID: 17638715.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, Wilson L, Yeh HC, Marinopoulos S, Wiley C, Selvin E, Wilson R, Bass EB, Brancati FL. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Sep 18;147 (6):386-99. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-147-6-200709180-00178. Epub 2007 Jul 16. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2007 Dec 18;147 (12):887. PMID: 17638715.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10 — Year Follow — up of Intensive Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008;359:1577-89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HA. 10 — Year Follow — up of Intensive Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008;359:1577-89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salpeter S, Greyber E, Pasternak G, Salpeter E. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003: CD002967. [PMID: 12804446].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salpeter S, Greyber E, Pasternak G, Salpeter E. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003: CD002967. [PMID: 12804446].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delea TE, Edelsberg JS, Hagiwara M, Oster G, Phillips LS. Use of thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2003 Nov;26 (11):2983-9. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.11.2983. PMID: 14578227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delea TE, Edelsberg JS, Hagiwara M, Oster G, Phillips LS. Use of thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2003 Nov;26 (11):2983-9. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.11.2983. PMID: 14578227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karter AJ, Liu JY, Moffet HH, et al. Pioglitazone utilization and congestive heart failure among diabetic patients initiating new diabetes therapies. Presented by Karter AJ at: The American Diabetes Association and American Heart Associations» Working Group on Glitazones and Heart Disease; July 2002; Chicago, Ill.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karter AJ, Liu JY, Moffet HH, et al. Pioglitazone utilization and congestive heart failure among diabetic patients initiating new diabetes therapies. Presented by Karter AJ at: The American Diabetes Association and American Heart Associations» Working Group on Glitazones and Heart Disease; July 2002; Chicago, Ill.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus al. statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association: October 7, 2003. Circulation. 2003; Care108:2941-8. 2001;24:973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus al. statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association: October 7, 2003. Circulation. 2003; Care108:2941-8. 2001;24:973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O»Riordan M. ADOPT Analysis Shows Rosiglitazone Increases Risk of Fracture in Women. Heartwire. 2007. © 2007 Medscape</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O»Riordan M. ADOPT Analysis Shows Rosiglitazone Increases Risk of Fracture in Women. Heartwire. 2007. © 2007 Medscape</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ou HT, Chang KC, Li CY, Wu JS. Risks of cardiovascular diseases associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and other antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide longitudinal study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:41. doi: 10.1186/s12933-016-0350-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ou HT, Chang KC, Li CY, Wu JS. Risks of cardiovascular diseases associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and other antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide longitudinal study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:41. doi: 10.1186/s12933-016-0350-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jovanovic L, Dailey G III, Huang WC, et al. Repaglinide in type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, fixeddose efficacy and safety study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40:49-57. [PubMed: 10631622].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jovanovic L, Dailey G III, Huang WC, et al. Repaglinide in type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, fixeddose efficacy and safety study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40:49-57. [PubMed: 10631622].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moses RG, Gomis R, Frandsen KB, et al. Flexible meal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:11-5. [PubMed: 11194214].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moses RG, Gomis R, Frandsen KB, et al. Flexible meal-related dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:11-5. [PubMed: 11194214].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madsbad S, Kilhovd B, Lager I, et al. Comparison between repaglinide and glipizide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year multicentre study. Diabet Med. 2001;18:395-401. [PubMed: 11472451].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madsbad S, Kilhovd B, Lager I, et al. Comparison between repaglinide and glipizide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year multicentre study. Diabet Med. 2001;18:395-401. [PubMed: 11472451].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marbury T, Huang WC, Strange P, et al. Repaglinide versus glyburide: a one-year comparison trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;43:155-66. [PubMed: 10369424].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marbury T, Huang WC, Strange P, et al. Repaglinide versus glyburide: a one-year comparison trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;43:155-66. [PubMed: 10369424].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moses R, Slobodniuk R, Boyages S, et al. Effect of repaglinide addition to metformin monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:119-24. [PubMed: 10333912].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moses R, Slobodniuk R, Boyages S, et al. Effect of repaglinide addition to metformin monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:119-24. [PubMed: 10333912].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jovanovic L, Hassman DR, Gooch B, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes with a combination regimen of repaglinide plus pioglitazone. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;63:127-34. [PubMed: 14739053].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jovanovic L, Hassman DR, Gooch B, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes with a combination regimen of repaglinide plus pioglitazone. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;63:127-34. [PubMed: 14739053].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwarz SL, Gerich JE, Marcellari A, et al. Nateglinide, alone or in combination with metformin, is effective and well tolerated in treatment-naive elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10:652-60. [PubMed: 17941876].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwarz SL, Gerich JE, Marcellari A, et al. Nateglinide, alone or in combination with metformin, is effective and well tolerated in treatment-naive elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10:652-60. [PubMed: 17941876].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Del Prato S, Heine RJ, Keilson L, et al. Treatment of patients over 64 years of age with type 2 diabetes: experience from nateglinide pooled database retrospective analysis. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2075-80. [PubMed: 12832316].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Del Prato S, Heine RJ, Keilson L, et al. Treatment of patients over 64 years of age with type 2 diabetes: experience from nateglinide pooled database retrospective analysis. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2075-80. [PubMed: 12832316].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devineni D, Walter YH, Smith HT, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nateglinide in renally impaired diabetic patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43:163-70. [PubMed: 12616669].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devineni D, Walter YH, Smith HT, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nateglinide in renally impaired diabetic patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43:163-70. [PubMed: 12616669].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choudhury S, Hirschberg Y, Filipek R, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of nateglinide in subjects with hepatic cirrhosis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40:634-40. [PubMed: 10868314].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choudhury S, Hirschberg Y, Filipek R, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of nateglinide in subjects with hepatic cirrhosis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40:634-40. [PubMed: 10868314].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen JM, Chang CW, Lin YC, Horng JT, Sheu WH. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients: a nationwide seven-year follow-up study. J Diabetes Res. 2014;2014:812628. doi: 10.1155/2014/812628</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen JM, Chang CW, Lin YC, Horng JT, Sheu WH. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients: a nationwide seven-year follow-up study. J Diabetes Res. 2014;2014:812628. doi: 10.1155/2014/812628</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang CH, Chang YC, Lin JW, Chen ST, Chuang LM, Lai MS. Cardiovascular risk associated with acarbose versus metformin as the first-line treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100 (3):1121-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang CH, Chang YC, Lin JW, Chen ST, Chuang LM, Lai MS. Cardiovascular risk associated with acarbose versus metformin as the first-line treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100 (3):1121-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gentilcore D, Vanis L, Wishart JM, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Jones KL. The alpha (α) — glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, attenuates the blood pressure and splanchnic blood flow responses to intraduodenal sucrose in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66 (8):917-24. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glr086</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gentilcore D, Vanis L, Wishart JM, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Jones KL. The alpha (α) — glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, attenuates the blood pressure and splanchnic blood flow responses to intraduodenal sucrose in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66 (8):917-24. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glr086</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Josse RG, Chiasson JL, Ryan EA, Lau DC, Ross SA, Yale JF, Leiter LA, Maheux P, Tessier D, Wolever TM, Gerstein H, Rodger NW, Dornan JM, Murphy LJ, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Meneilly GS. Acarbose in the treatment of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003,59:37-42. doi: 10.1016/S0168–8227(02)00176-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Josse RG, Chiasson JL, Ryan EA, Lau DC, Ross SA, Yale JF, Leiter LA, Maheux P, Tessier D, Wolever TM, Gerstein H, Rodger NW, Dornan JM, Murphy LJ, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Meneilly GS. Acarbose in the treatment of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003,59:37-42. doi: 10.1016/S0168–8227(02)00176-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spengler M, Schmitz H, Landen H. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of acarbose in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Drug Invest. 2005,25:651-9. doi: 10.2165/00044011-200525100-00004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spengler M, Schmitz H, Landen H. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of acarbose in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Drug Invest. 2005,25:651-9. doi: 10.2165/00044011-200525100-00004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffmann J, Spengler M. Efficacy of 24-week monotherapy with acarbose, glibenclamide, or placebo in NIDDM patients. The Essen study. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:561-6. [PubMed: 8082525].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffmann J, Spengler M. Efficacy of 24-week monotherapy with acarbose, glibenclamide, or placebo in NIDDM patients. The Essen study. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:561-6. [PubMed: 8082525].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Hunt JA, et al. The efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A multicenter controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:928-35. [PubMed: 7734015].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Hunt JA, et al. The efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A multicenter controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:928-35. [PubMed: 7734015].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van de Laar FA, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, et al. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (2):CD003639. [PubMed: 15846673].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van de Laar FA, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, et al. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (2):CD003639. [PubMed: 15846673].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laube H. Акарбоза: обновление её терапевтического применения при лечении диабета. Clin Drug Invest. 2002;22:141-56. doi: 10.2165/00044011-200222030-00001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laube H. Акарбоза: обновление её терапевтического применения при лечении диабета. Clin Drug Invest. 2002;22:141-56. doi: 10.2165/00044011-200222030-00001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holman RR, Cull CA, Turner RC. A randomized double-blind trial of acarbose in type 2 diabetes shows improved glycemic control over 3 years (UKPDS 44). Diabetes Care. 1999;22:960-4. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.6.960</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holman RR, Cull CA, Turner RC. A randomized double-blind trial of acarbose in type 2 diabetes shows improved glycemic control over 3 years (UKPDS 44). Diabetes Care. 1999;22:960-4. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.6.960</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buse J, Hart K, Minasi L. The PROTECT Study: final results of a large multicenter postmarketing study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Precose Resolution of Optimal Titration to Enhance Current Therapies. Clin Ther. 1998;20:257-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buse J, Hart K, Minasi L. The PROTECT Study: final results of a large multicenter postmarketing study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Precose Resolution of Optimal Titration to Enhance Current Therapies. Clin Ther. 1998;20:257-69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coniff RF, Shapiro JA, Seaton TB. Long-term efficacy and safety of acarbose in the treatment of obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2442-8. [PubMed: 7979840].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coniff RF, Shapiro JA, Seaton TB. Long-term efficacy and safety of acarbose in the treatment of obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2442-8. [PubMed: 7979840].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gentile S, Turco S, Guarino G, Sasso FC, Torella R. Aminotransferase activity and acarbose treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1217-8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.7.1217</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gentile S, Turco S, Guarino G, Sasso FC, Torella R. Aminotransferase activity and acarbose treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1217-8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.7.1217</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hollander P. Safety profile of acarbose, an alphaglucosidase inhibitor. Drugs. 1992;44 (Suppl 3): 47-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hollander P. Safety profile of acarbose, an alphaglucosidase inhibitor. Drugs. 1992;44 (Suppl 3): 47-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
